![]() These copper standards are helpful in guiding metallurgical laboratories and refineries, product manufacturers, and other end-users of copper and its alloys in their proper processing and application procedures to ensure their quality towards safe use. Moreover, as judged fit, these materials are utilized for bridges and turntables, locomotive parts, pressure vessels, heat exchangers and condensers, electrolytic cathodes, machine bearings, and air conditioning and refrigeration components. Conversely, finished products are molded into more complicated shapes according to their intended purpose such as pipes and tubes. These materials when in the raw form are fabricated into basic shapes like sheets, strips, plates, bars, beams, disks, rods, wires, and ingots. ASTM's copper standards are instrumental in classifying, evaluating, and specifying the material, chemical, mechanical, and metallurgical properties of copper materials, including bronze and their alloys with other metals.
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